The Most Memorable Experience Of The 20th Century

When I asked Dr. William Vorbroker about his most memorable experience in the 20th century, he immediately stated that it was the day president Kennedy was shot. He said that he was a 24 years old undergraduate student in University of Chicago. He and his friends were studying in the library when his roommate came running and told them that the president has been shot. None of them has seen him with such a serious face so they all went to the lounge to listen to the radio. Many of the students were already gathered, avidly listening to the news. After it was announced on the radio that President Kennedy has died they all sat silently dazed and shocked. Later on, Vorbroker remembers calling his girlfriend. He said that they sat down outside†¦show more content†¦President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States. He held office from January 1961 until his assassination November 1963. He served in United States Naval Reserve in World War II. After his military service he was in the United States House of Representatives by representing Massachusetts’s 11th congressional district as a Democrat. He then served in the United States Senate. In the 1960s Presidential Election he defeated the Republican candidate Richard Nixon. He was the youngest president, at the age of forty three, in the United States to have been elected. On April 1961, Kennedy sent one thousand four hundred Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. He wanted to start a rebellion that would overthrow the communist leader Fidel Castro. However, the mission did not succeed and most of the exiles were captured or killed (1). In 1962, the Kennedy admiration became aware of the construction of nuclear and long range missile sites in Cuba by the Soviet Union. It was believed that this would pose a threat to the United States, therefore, President Kennedy announced naval blockade of Cuba. After a series of negotiation Khrushchev agreed to stop the construction of nuclear and long range missile in Cuba. The United States, in return, was to remove its missiles from countries close to Soviet Union. President Kennedy was

Judiciary of Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2725 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Question 1 (1168 words) Jurisdiction Chosen: Country – Malaysia Malaysia has a unique legal system as it is the only country in the world that adapts a dual-track legal system where Islamic courts co-exist alongside with civil-institutions. Apparently, because of the dual legal system, Malaysia inherits legal tradition from both the Islamic law and the common law. The more interesting discussion of this research would elaborate how co-existence is possible in Malaysia without conflict. Before British colonization in Malaya (confined to all states in the Peninsular Malaysia and excluding Sabah and Sarawak in the Borneo islands), Islamic law is only applicable in the state of Malacca. In Malacca the law was compiled in the Malacca Laws and when the Malacca Empire fell versions of the Malacca Laws were applied in the other States (Liam Yock Fang (Editor) Undang-Undang Melaka, The Hague, 1976 ). Subsequent to the fall of Malacca Empire and as a result inter-state migrat ion that took place during that time, Islamic laws were then being spread across to other states of Malaya. However, when British colonized Malaya in year 1920, the influence of Islamic law became less significant. The British law was implemented in form of codes enacted from India which includes the Contract Act, Criminal Procedure Code and civil Procedure Code. Interestingly enough, the land law legislation introduced at that point of time was based on Torrens System from the Australia. However, the fact that the Torrens system was introduced during the British colonization in both Australia and Malaya clearly explains how the land law legislation originated in Australia was being implemented in Malaya. In the today world, the Torrens system land law legislation has been widely implemented in most commonwealth country. As a result of the implementation of the British laws in Malaya the Shariah law is no longer applicable to those areas covered by the British laws. The Britis h proceeded to set up courts that were headed by British judges trained in the English Common Law. The Civil Law Ordinance 1956 stated that in the absence of any written law, the court shall apply in West Malaysia the Common Law of England and the rules of equity as administered in England on the 7th day of April 1956. Civil Law Ordinance. 1956, Federation of Malaya Ordinance No. 5 of 1956). As a result of the enactment of Civil Law Ordinance, although Islamic law is the law of the land in Malaya, in actuality, English law became the basic law of the land in Malaya at that juncture. In the case of Ramah v Laton a majority of the Court of Appeal in the Malay States held that Islamic Law is not foreign law but it is the law of the land and as such it is the duty of the courts to declare and apply the law. (Ramah v Laton (1927) 6 FMSLR 128). However during the hearing of that case, the judge does not have prior knowledge of Islamic law and hence have to refer questions of Islamic La w and customs to the State Executive Council. Due to the complication and constant references back to the Mufti during hearing, Muslim Law was enacted in the States and the Shariah Courts to deal with cases under the enactments. The important fact to take note is that the Shariah courts deals only with Muslims in the Malaya and therefore the Islamic laws are confine to Malays or other races that have converted to Muslims. Judicial Independence Montesquieu puts forward the idea that there is no liberty, if the judiciary power is not separated from the legislative and the executive. He said if it were joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; the judge would then be the legislator. If it were joined with the executive, the judge would behave with violence and oppression Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, Book XI). In Malaysia, the judges of courts are appointed by the Yang-Dipertuan-Agong (Monarch) on the advice of the Prime Minister. The prime minister, before advising the Monarch is required to consult the Chief justice beforehand. The judges are usually appointed from the Judicial and Legal Service or the bar council. The independence of judiciary in Malaysia is questionable for a couple of reasons. In Article 22 of the Federal Constitution, judicial commissioners can be appointed to perform the role of a judge of the High Court. However the appointment is for an initial term of 2 years. If the commissioner performs his duty up to a satisfactory level, he may then be recommended by the Prime Minister to be a judge. As the judicial commissioners does not have a secured tenure and is playing the role of probationary judge being evaluated subjectively by the Prime Minister, his ability to not be subjected by external influences in this case the parliament headed by the Prime Minister himself can be questionable. Moreover, the fact that judicial independence in Malaysia is questionable is fu rther evidenced during the Malaysia judicial crisis in 1988. It all began with the then Supreme courts decision in JP Berthelsen vs Director General of Immigration Malaysia Ors [1987] 1 MLJ 134). The Supreme Court overruled the decision of the Minister and allowed Bethelsen to lawfully stay in the country. The then Prime-minister made a remark during the parliamentary debate that the minister should have the final say of how long a foreigner stays in the country. In May 1988, 20 judges and the then Chief justice wrote to the monarch expressing the concerns of the executive criticism of the judiciary publically. As a result, the prime minister invoked the procedure provided under Article 125 Federal Constitution (Malaysia) to remove the chief justice on the ground of misbehavior. These series of event leading to the sacking of the then chief justice appeared to be the darkest history in Malaysia’s judicial independence. Comparison to judiciary independence in Australia Australia, in comparison to Malaysia, though being a Commonwealth country that shares common legal tradition from the British has a judicial system that is much more independent. Since 1900, the Australian government has adapted a tripartite separation of power of their political system. The roles and responsibly of the tripartite are clearly elaborated in the three chapters of the Australian Constitution. Chapter 1 explained the parliament as the party that deals with legislation, chapter 2 on the Executive Government on providing executive powers and chapter 3 the Judicature exercising their judicial independence via the High court and federal courts. Under Chapter 3 section 72 Australian Constitution (Australia), the judges’ tenure of services is protected and can only be removed by the house of parliament and not by prime minister alone as opposed to Malaysia. Moreover, section 72 also clearly mentioned that the remuneration of the judges may not be reduced while they are in office. In Malaysia, the judiciary does not have control of their own budget and hence the remuneration of the judges could be affected by the Ministry of Finance. ? Question 2 (1140 words) As Malaysia has a law tradition that rooted from British law during the British colonization, common law of contracts became the base of jurisdiction in enforcing promises. However, the fact that Syariah law exist, it is not uncommon for financial institutions to offer products under the Islamic law of contract. However, the discussions here are generalized to the common law as it still appears to be the most relevant contract law in Malaysia. The common law in Malaysia, similar to common law in British, has freedom as the fundamental of promises between parties. Hence, a promise that benefits a single party more than the other is not uncommon in promises agreed in Malaysia. As long as the contract is clearly communicated in writing, and the other party is well informed of the conten t of the contract, it will be held valid. Unlike Islamic law of contract, a verbal promise will not qualify as a contract. The validity of a contract in common law requires ‘consideration’ which basically implies that a contract must be bilateral. Although most promises are made in order to get something in return, in rare occasion, the in return promise could be abstract. In the case of a father giving money to a man to marry his daughter, the consideration for that case is the fact that the father simply wanted to see his daughter getting married (Sharrington vs Strotton (1556) Plowden at 303) . Contrasting with the Islamic law, a single sided promise is held valid in Wa’d which means unilateral promise in Arabic. In the case of purchase of goods in Malaysia, the purchaser is obliged to perform his own due diligence on the goods before the purchase. It is an obligation in any commercial (sale-purchase) that the seller is to allow the buyer prior to enter into agreement to inspect the goods in order to ensure that it is defect free. Such an obligation on the seller is known at Common law as Caveat Emptor. (Caveat Emptor, Mozley Witheleys Law Dictionary, 1993) Jowitts Dictionary of English Law (1997), explains that a purchaser or buyer must be on the alert for he has no right to remain in ignorance of the fact that what is buying belongs to someone other than the vendor, and that any purchaser who fails to investigate the vendors title does so at his own isk (Caveat Emptor, Mozley Witheleys Law Dictionary, 1993). This clearly distinguished contracts in Malaysian common law with Islamic law of contract where the purchaser could void a contract if he later found out that the goods purchased are defective even if he has not done his due diligence. If there is a breach of contract on either side, the innocent party has the right to terminate the contract and to subsequently claim the party in breach for damages that would put the innoce nt back in a position had the contract been fulfilled. In the example of Choo Yin Loo vs Visuvalingam Pillay(1930) 7 FMSLR 135, the plaintiff sued the defendant for not having enough worker to work on his land and hence breached the contract. As a result, the defendant was ordered to pay damages to the plaintiff. Islamic law of contract The Islamic law of contracts emphasizes ethics in its promise; hence the promise itself must be fair and honest. In Islamic law of contracts, a promise made in verbal is also acceptable which make it very different from common law. The contract must not relate to item that is considered haram (prohibited item) by religion such as pork or swine product, alcohol, gambling equipment or drugs. Another aspect of Islamic law is that it seeks to eliminate gharar, which represent risk, fraud, hazard and uncertainty (Kamali 2008,84)The subject of the contract must be legally owned at the point of time the contract is being drawn negotiated. Hence, items yet to be in existence or built may not qualify as a subject of contract. Usually this translates into making contract of insurance impermissible (Stovall 2002,9). As a result of contracts not allowing gharar, many financial investment contracts such as futures and options are also not permitted in the Islamic law of contract. Laws governing joint-stock companies do not allow for the distribution of share options, which hinders entrepreneurships (Azzam 2002,64) Riba which means interest is also prohibited in the Islamic law of contract. As a result, loan contract between borrower and bank will not be able to include interest in their repayment. However, in modern Islamic countries, the alternative of charging interest are being done in the form of Ijara where a borrower will sign an agreement to sell the property to the bank at the margin of finance agreed and then sign another contract to purchase back the property at the end of the finance tenure. For instance, in Shariah c ompliant mortgage, the property must change hands twice- from seller to bank and from bank to customer(World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4053, November 2006). This has been by far the most popular Islamic financing contract for real estate, however the fact that a buyer could be selling a property at one price and buying it back at 3 times the price 20 years later contradicts greatly with the idea of prohibiting Riba as obviously a bank is having a windfall gain out of the contract. The interesting argument revolving this is the fact that windfall gain is prohibited in a single contract but questionable if it is done in two different co-related contracts. However, when an investment deposit is made by an investor to a bank, the bank does not give interest to the investor but is merely giving profit-sharing. Islamic theory in contrary to western notions of finance: it holds that money should be use only to facilitate the sale of goods and services, but should not be comm oditized itself because it is both socially and morally injurious (Holland 2002, 42) In Islamic law, a Wa’d (unilateral promise) is permissible, thus greatly highlighting the distinction between common law of contract and Islamic law. Consideration is not required in Islamic law and a one-sided promise can be accepted legally as much as a bilateral promise. The danger however, is the fact that when an offer is made, even when the other party does not respond to it may imply acceptance of the contract. In Islamic contract law, there are many self-help remedies available under the Khiyar. A contract can be terminated under Khiyar-al-aib if the subject sold is later discovered to be faulty. This indeed is very different from caveat emptor where the buyer should have done his due diligence before purchasing it. In Khiyar-al-aib, it becomes the responsibility of the seller to ensure that goods sold are fault free to avoid the purchaser from voiding a contract. ? Question 3 ( 458 words) Malaysia jurisdiction recognizes corporation as a separate entity from the owner. The corporation can be used to enter into contract as a legal entity that is entirely independent of the owner. The advantage of this setup allows the owner of the company to limit his own liability in event a contract turns sour and the innocent party is seeking damages from the owner. However, it is important to take note that not all companies incorporated in Malaysia thru the Companies Corporation of Malaysia Act 2001 have limited liability to its owner. A company may be according to (Section 14. ACT 125,COMPANIES ACT 1965) a)A company limited by shares b)A company limited by guarantee c)A company limited by both shares and guarantee d)An unlimited company Hence, for owner to have limited liability the company formed must not be an unlimited company. To the question of how much liability is an owner limited to, will depends on the paid up capital declared during the formation of the c ompany. In situations where there is more than one owner, a Memorandum of Association will be presented to clearly outline the number of shares each shareholder has and thus limiting the liability of different owners according to their shareholding. The Memorandum of Association is used to define the nominal amount of paid up capital and more importantly the division of that capital into shares to different owners if there is more than one owner. Although formation of limited company allows the owner to have limited liability, it is important to take note that the owner may not be immune to wrongdoings conducted by the company. For example, if the company has committed an offence, the director of the company can be held liable and tried for the offence committed. Interestingly enough, the owner can choose to be the sole shareholder but appoint/employ others to be the director. Islamic business grouping are done by forming either Mudaraba or Musharaka contract. A mudaraba contr act allows for a person who owns property to invest capital with someone who puts in effort or work to make profit ( Al-Suwaidi 1994, 74). In Musharaka, both will invest in capital for the partnership. The most contrasting characteristic of an Islamic form company compared to company law in Malaysia is the fact that there is no possibility to form a company with a limited liability. Above that, it is also impossible for the partners in the company to have limited liability by their share ownership. The contract law is individually oriented, and collective enterprises, such as corporations, do not enjoy legal rights distinct from the individual owners (Kuran 2004,3). Laws governing joint-stock compaies do not allow for the distribution of share options, which hinders entrepenership (Azzam 2002,64) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Judiciary of Malaysia" essay for you Create order

European Imperialism And The Colonization Of Africa

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The requirements of capitalist development—including the request for guaranteed sources of raw materials, the search for definite markets and profitable investment passages—encouraged the European scramble and the par tition and ultimate conquest of Africa. Mainly the reason colonialism was a part of this lifestyle where the only way to gain power was to rule the biggest and the most land out of everybody else. Colonialism is when a larger nation should take control of another usually smaller nation. By the 18th century the Europeans had colonized about 55% of earth’s surface and by 1878, 67% and by 1914 about 85%. The effects of colonialism on different parts of the world had made a controversy. Walter HallShow MoreRelatedEuropean Imperialism - Dbq Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe history of the world, imperialism has played a major role. Imperialism is one country’s complete domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. 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Police Brutality And The Police - 2195 Words

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Examples of this range from physical assault to psychological intimidation. Contrary to popular belief, many forms of police brutality include emotional and psychological aspects on top of physical. It can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, and racial profiling. In countless accumulating cases across the country, police brutality has proved lethal (Danalina 1). Despite the controversiality of the topic, there are many indisputable facts that conclusively show unequal treatment by those in the police force. 37% of unarmed people killed by theShow MoreRelatedPolice And Police Brutality1331 Words   |  6 Pagesquestioning if they will ever be safe in the streets again. Not everyone in the world is a criminal, but it only takes one person to ruin and blame the whole race. Police brutality is an everyday case and there has yet nothing to be done to help reduce nor stop the violence. 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Chemistry Experiment #2 Graphical Data Analysis Essay Example For Students

Chemistry Experiment #2: Graphical Data Analysis Essay 09-01-04 Section 30Amanda CollinsJohn ?This laboratory experiment looks at the mass and diameter of seven steelball bearings, using a vernier caliper to determine diameter, and anelectronic analytical balance to determine mass. Graphical data analysisthen allows us to observe the relationships between mass and diameter andto obtain a trendline in order to determine the diameter of an unknown ballbearing. Section IData Table 1: Mass and Diameter (D) of Ball Bearings|Mass (g) |Diameter (mm) |D^2 |D^3 |1/D |1/D ^2 |1/D^3 |log(D) |10^D | |1|1.05 |6.3 |39.69 |250.047 |0.15873 |0.025195263 |0.003999 |0.799340549 |1995262.315 | |2 |2.04 |7.8 |60.84 |474.552 |0.128205 |0.016436555 |0.002107 |0.892094603 |63095734.45 | |3 |3.52 |9.4 |88.36 |830.584|0.106383 |0.011317338 |0.001204 |0.973127854 |2511886432 | |4 |5.6 |11|121 |1331 |0.090909 |0.008264463 |0.000751 |1.041392685 |1E+11 | |5 |6.19|11.3 |127.69 |1442.897 |0.088496 |0.007831467 |0.000693 |1.053078443|1.99526E+11 | |6 |7.96 |12.4 |153.76 |1906.624 |0.080645 |0.006503642|0.000524 |1.093421685 |2.51189E+12 | |7 |11.9 |14.1 |198.81 |2803.221|0.070922 |0.005029928 |0.000357 |1.149219113 |1.25893E+14 | |Graph 1 with trendline:Graph 2 with trendline:picpicGraph 3 with trendline:Graph 4 with trendline:picpicGraph 5 with trendline:Graph 6 with trendline:picpicGraph 7 with trendline:Graph 8 with trendline:picpicSection IIUsing our straight line formula from Graph 2, y=26.133x 18.832, thepredicted value for the diameter of the unknown ball bearing is y = 32.1mm. This value is inaccurate, possibly due to errors in measurement of theball bearings. 1. Density of each ball bearing:1: 0.17 g/mm32: 0.26 g/mm33: 0.37 g/mm34: 0.51 g/mm35: 0.548 g/mm36: 0.642 g/mm37: 0.844 g/mm32. The average density of the steep ball bearings is 0.48 g/mm3. If theknown density of steel is 0.785 g/mm3, the average obtained by ourmeasurements is inaccurate. 3. Three significant figures ought to be reported for the slope and yintercept in the trendline analysis, using the equation from Graph 2, dueto the value for x having three figures.

Accounting Theory Half Defence

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theoryfor Half Defence. Answer: Introduction Paul Dunmore wrote the article Half Defence of Positive Accounting Research. The book is about the accounting theory that helps to understand how people behave the way they do. The aim of the author was to introduce the theory into practical daily life (Paul 2009). Most importantly, the article is looking at the significance of the accounting theory in the corporate world and how it adds value to the production efficiency in various entities. The aim of this report is to conduct a critical analysis of the article including the summary and critical review of the study process. The aim is to identify the weaknesses of the article and capitalize on the strengths. Summary of the Article The main objective of the article is to provide critical analysis on the application of the accounting theory on the daily lives of the people and how it affects the behavior of the people. According to the article, it is not possible to predict the financial and capital markets, and this means that people behave by the current changes in the business environment (Choi et al. 2009). The accounting theory, in this case, highlights the significance of predicting individual and market behavior regarding the market. The author was much concerned about positive accounting theory as the theory that helps to make effective predictions in the business environment. Further, the positive accounting theory argues that economists are not so interested to find out what is to be done but the factors behind the happening of a certain event. However, the management of an organization must take appropriate measures to determine the factors that affect the operations of the business (Dahmash et al. 2009). It is because the management must take appropriate measures to compete effectively in the competitive market. As such, the author argues that positive accounting theory is necessary for understanding the factors behind certain events so as to take measures to manage the issues. Besides, the author argues that most investors use the positive accounting theory to make decisions regarding pricing. For instance, the investors are keen to understand the factors that influence the behavior of the consumers and formulate strategies and systems that can help to attract and retain the consumers (Davila and Foster 2007). This is because the theory argues that consumers are rational and they make rational decisions. In this regard, it is necessary to understand the relationship customer behavior and the market factors. In this way, one can link the accounting behavior and rational behavior thus improving the quality of decisions management makes that influence the success of their business. Paul Dunmore tries to explore the reasons why people behave the way they do. However, previous research has not managed to develop the causal theory that clearly explains this concept about human behavior. The positive theory helps to understand the accounting issues and how it influences the behavior of individuals in the society (Hay et al. 2006). Despite the fact that many scholars have tried to develop the accounting their help to understand the human behavior, they fail to come up with clear conclusions because it is hard to test the theoretical models they use in their studies. Other factors that affect the reliability of the studies include lack of focus in understanding the numerical values, but instead, they focus on using theories as lenses to evaluate the qualitative data. However, to some extent, the positive theory can help to understand some prior knowledge about the relationship between changes in the financial markets and the behavior of individuals. The article argues that the previous scholars have tried to explain the concept of human behavior. However, they use models that cannot be tested scientifically to prove the findings. It means that they must develop subjects for detailed testing to provide appropriate answers to the issues surrounding the accounting theory (Humphrey 2008). The use of a quantitative method for doing the study is useful, but they are reduced to just statements that cannot provide a clear relationship between the variables. Also, Paul Dunmore argues that there is need to conduct a more vigorous research study that can be tested to determine the reliability of the findings instead of providing mere analysis. It means that there is need to conduct a scientific study to determine the causal and relationship effect. Research Question/Thesis The thesis of the research report is that there is a direct relationship between cause and effect in the practical world. The researcher selected this topic because it helps to promote organization throughout the study with the aim of achieving the goals and objectives. Besides, the thesis is significant because it helps to guide the researcher throughout the study with the aim of finding the answers to the gaps identified in the previous research (Hay et al. 2006). In this regard, the investigator managed to conduct the study systematically from the introduction to the literature review. For example, most of the interpretive researcher use open questions, and this makes it difficult to conduct a scientific study. In the literature review, the researcher managed to identify that human agency is not based on the social constructive in nature. The social nature of the world according to the author determines the roles and relationships people engage taking into account the cause and effect nature. However, the author was successful to conduct this research with the help of the thesis statement (Francis 2006). Based on the research questions, the author asserts that the only ways to observe the world are through own experiences and descriptions as well as engaging various participants thus improving the results. The interpretive research program underlies these views but helps to understand the relationship amongst individuals. Human beings are different, and they have different behaviors when it comes to rationality. Because of the differences in perception, it is not easy to understand the experience (Hannam 2009). However, the accounting theory argues that people make decisions based on the cause and effect. In simple terms, the researcher has tried to explore the concept of human behavior according to accountancy theory, but this is made possible because of the thesis developed. Therefore, the thesis guided the researcher throughout the study and in the process remained focused and avoids deviating from the aim of the study. Theoretical Framework In the accounting industry, most accountants face various issues that affect their operations. Previously, scholars have conducted extensive research regarding the best accounting techniques, but they have not managed to develop the most effective strategies that enhance the business operations. For example, the positivity research program is applied in the accounting sector to enhance the operations of the accountants (Gonthier-Besacier and Schatt 2007). However, the program is not appropriate because it faces many challenges. The scholars who use the technique according to author encounter problems such as casual construction models that are not tested scientifically and reliance of the hypothesis that is not tested. In this effect, more research is required to improve the accounting standards. It is also important to understand that the previous accounting theories have four basic assumptions that affect their effectiveness. The first assumption is the economic assumption that states that the operations of the business are different from the activities of the owners of the business. In this regard, the accountants do not assume that the business does not face any significant risk such as dissolution (Francis 2006). However, this is a wrong assumption because any business is prone to various risks. Finally, the periodicity assumption argues that the business is broken into various fiscal periods taking place in various fiscal periods. In this effect, the assumptions affect the accounting standards because they do not meet the changes in the business environment. Considering the assumptions of the theories, research is required in the accounting sector to develop better policies that look into the cause and effect relationship. As such, the scholar will have to deeply research more about accounting standards and how they influence the decision-making process among the managers (Fogarty and Markarian 2007). In this regard, the accounting theory helps to understand the issues well by identifying the weaknesses and address the loopholes in the study. Therefore, this research was required because it helps to understand the cause and effect relationship effectively. Significance and Limitations of the Article The first significance of the article is that it helps to understand how people make decisions that affect their accounting strategies. After reading the article, most people can understand the relationship between the human behavior and accounting settings. As such, the author has improved the thinking of the individuals and how they make decisions (Berg 2008). Besides, the article has improved the research methods. One can realize that the author was organized in doing the research starting from the introduction, review of the literature and methodology used to conduct the study. Learners can also understand how research process is conducted. Therefore, the article is significant because it helps to promote the learning process (Kumar 2010). However, the article also raises questions regarding further research such as how to conduct research using scientific methods and the article does not address a specific issue in the accounting theory. On the other hand, research limitations, in this case, can affect the research reliability. In the first place, the author did not indicate how the author collected data from the respondents. For any research to be successful, it is necessary to collect primary data as well as secondary data that help to find answers to the research questions effectively (DeMarrais and Stephen 2010). Therefore, the researcher failed to convince the readers about the process of conducting the study and this limits the reliability of the research findings. Further, the researcher has drawn conclusions that are not critical and do not reflect on the methodology used hence one can question the results. Another limitation one can identify from the article is that the researcher did not indicate the prior studies regarding the research topic (Eriksson and Kovalainen 2008). The researcher has tried to explore the issue of accounting theory but has not quoted the previous studies about the same topic and the weaknesses. As such, it is difficult to make comparisons to understand which study gives the best results as well as improvement from the previous studies (Collins 2010). Finally, the article does not indicate the measure the investigator used to collect and analyze the results. The ability to interpret the results successfully depends on the measure used. In future, therefore, the researcher will have to give details of the research process. These limitations affect the significance of the article because the readers want to understand how the author conducted the study and the methodology used. This is because the methods used to collect and analyze data influence the reliability of the findings (Bischoping 2009). As such, the limitations in this article affected its significance because some scholars cannot buy its ideas. The findings must align with the research method failure to which scholars can dispute the results. However, the author tried to provide content analysis and using scholarly information but this is not enough in conducting the study and answer the research question successfully. Conclusion Half Defence of Positive Accounting Research article was written by Paul Dunmore. The aim of the study is to develop explanations that help to explain causal and effect relationship and how they affect the human behavior about accounting settings. The article helps to understand the effectiveness of the positivist research program. However, the limitations identified in the study include the inability to provide appropriate data, lack of information and data from the previous about the same topic and the author did not provide the measuring method used to analyze the collected data. References Berg, B. L 2008, Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. 7th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Bischoping, K 2009, Review of Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches, SAGE Publications Ltd. Collins, H 2010, Creative Research: The theory and practice of research for the creative industries. Lausanne: AVA Academia. DeMarrais, K and Stephen D. L 2010, Foundations for research: Methods of inquiry in education and the social sciences. 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